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How were the electronical hardware settings on a plane stored before the invention of solid state hard drives? To my mind a plane`s auto pilot is a rather complex piece of software with a lot of data to be kept somewhere when the plane computer is off. Also there are plenty of other electronics that need the default settings saved somewhere when the power is off.
A conventional hard drive must have been rather unpractical on a moving vehicle.
Also the lack of storage makes you understand how rudimentary the aero plane electronical devices were in WW2 days and even a few decades after that.
[edit]
I think my question is broader that the scope of aero plane electronics. How are the default settings in (general purpose) electronics being saved? One of my guesses is that the logic is hard coded into the circuitry. For instance the shape of a number on an old numerical display is not saved digitally (as dots making the shape) but rather each of the 7 segments making the digit has a corresponding electronical component that kicks in when required. It`s really difficult to figure out how electronics work when you`re born with a notebook in your lap, somehow understand how the software works but preserve a very vague understanding of what`s under the notebook casing.
modified 20-Aug-22 10:16am.
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I would think it's mostly analog; which in my mind is simpler than dealing with digital feedback information. Altitude, velocity, direction, orientation, ...; action - reaction.
"Before entering on an understanding, I have meditated for a long time, and have foreseen what might happen. It is not genius which reveals to me suddenly, secretly, what I have to say or to do in a circumstance unexpected by other people; it is reflection, it is meditation." - Napoleon I
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thanks.
your second statement is slightly disorienting. You`re talking about digital "feedback" which is similar, on a superficial level, with force feedback. If my understanding is correct planes do have force feedback on the control column.
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Member 14968771 wrote: A real user, no RTFM, u-tube, post this somewhere else etc.
Member 14968771 wrote: Please no " I know nothing about Ubuntu , my Windoze XYZ works great... "
How about you stop giving orders and just ask the questions.
Multiboot2 Specification version 2.0[^].
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But what you are giving him is an "RTFM" - which is what he was explicitly not asking for!
He was asking for "A real user". A person that could act as his personal advisor, guru, servant, code generator or whatever - one that can fix his problems right away without bothering him with lots of stuff that only remotely or indirectly relates to what he is struggling with. You gave him a text, not a person.
So he is right if he claims that your answer is exactly what he stated that he did not want.
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Why do you think I did it? 
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I suspect "real users" read the manual at some point. I don't see any evidence that the OP did any reading. What does that say.
"Before entering on an understanding, I have meditated for a long time, and have foreseen what might happen. It is not genius which reveals to me suddenly, secretly, what I have to say or to do in a circumstance unexpected by other people; it is reflection, it is meditation." - Napoleon I
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I expect he's too busy working on his "rules to be adhered to by CodeProject members".
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Hello
I want to design a mini radio, as it is one of my homework..
But as I don't quite clearly know about the resonators, I want to ask for your help.
I have checked online and found some ceramic resonators, and chose this one: CSBLA400KECE-B0 .(Click the datasheet for your reference: CSBLA400KECE-B0.pdf ) Now can anyone ansewer me the following questions:
1.What are the advantages and disadvantages of this type if I use it in my radio?
2.Some one will use quartz crystal resonators when designing communication equipment, is it OK for me to use ceramic resonator rather than the crystal one?
3.Do you have any other choice of the resonator?
Any suggestion will be appreciated!Thank you very much !
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This is the wrong site for this question. This site is dedicated to writing code and PC hardware.
You would be much better served asking on site dedicated to radio hardware.
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yai ck,
In case it helps... Last year I restored an antique tube radio. I found the members of the forums at www.antiqueradios.com to be very knowledgeable about radio technology.
Best wishes,
Craig
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Does anyone know a place on the Internet with actual processor zoomed in pictures showing the layout of various transistor areas on the chip. The Internet is full of diagrams, what I`m looking for is a visual representation of the components the diagrams are speaking of.
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No. There may be some images for older stuff (like the '80's and '90's), but todays processors transistor are so small and occupy so many layers of the chip that it's not possible to see detail like that anymore.
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Are you saying it looks like the surface of a CD with no way to differentiate between different areas?
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CD pits are FAR larger than current transistors.
An nVidia 3090 has a die of about 25mm on a side. It contains over 28 billion transistors. There's over 45 million transistors per square MILLIMETER.
modified 9-Aug-22 10:50am.
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At my former workplace, some of the pictures on the wall were microphotographs of the company's former chip generations, based on the 8051 architecture developed in 1980. You could easily identify rectangular areas with a regular, quite fine-grained structure: the memory banks. Other areas were more irregular; those were the CPU. Some areas with almost no identifiable structure, more like 'spotty'; that was the various I/O devices (this was an embedded type chip, with lots of I/O beyond the CPU capabilities); you could even identify a couple coils - the chip I/O included a radio.
So you could identify various areas, but it just looked like different kinds of structures, more or less regular or irregular. Seeing the shape of individual components was not possible, at least not on these wall posters.
I am talking about 40+ years old 8-bit technology (or rather: architecture), approx. 50,000 transistors for the CPU. Even with that simple chips, you wouldn't get what you are asking for. Today's 64 bit processors are extremely more dense, and complex, approaching 50 billon transistors. You will probably see "gray" areas that are likely to be the cache memory. If pointed out to you, you can probably distinguish a few other functional areas from the rest, but all you can see is that they are different from, and less regular than, the cache areas.
For the simple question of "what does a so-and-so type transistor really look like?", you can probably find 3D engineering drawings, similar to that of a MOSFET in the Wikipedia article "Transistor". But those are drawings, not the chip photographs you are asking for.
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Do robotic arms in a car plant operate mostly based on information provided by sensors? Like they aren`t thought to operate blindly, there is a process of camera/sensor based aiming/homing (if we talk about say a welding arm) on the region where work needs to be done.
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Depends on the application. There's a large variety of different position and control sensing methods.
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So basically it`s a two way process(sensors can stop/modify the process of state switching), it`s not just a blind switching of states that bears no relation to the changes in the outer world.
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No.
It's the entire range between no sensing at all to switches to detect objects to vision systems to detect objects and positions of them, and everything in-between. There is no one sensing system to rule them all.
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One of the reasons why I`m asking is I remember seeing car plant footages from the 80`s displaying robotic arms working unassisted (by man) on car frames. Back in those days the sensor technologies were pretty much inexistent so lot`s of questions raising with regards to that kind of footage.
From what you`re saying I get that initially it was 'touching' based.
modified 9-Aug-22 6:41am.
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Those robots were programmed to repeat a fixed set of actions with very little sensor intervention. Move forward x inches, move left y inches, spot weld for z milliseconds, move back, and wait for the next car to arrive.
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How does the music data get stored on a CD? What I mean is you can switch between music CD tracks with the next or previous track buttons. How does the reading head know where to jump on the spiral location where the next track begins? Is there a track directory listing containing the track start position for every track on the CD?
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Quote: Is there a track directory listing containing the track start position for every track on the CD?
Essentially, yes. There is more information at Compact Disc Digital Audio - Wikipedia[^] and the links in the reference section there
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